FAA ratings are a convenient yet valid indicator of expertise level because each rating requires progressively more advanced training and more hours of flight experience. All participants gave written informed consent to participate in annual testing, with the right to withdraw at any time.Īt entry, each participant was classified into one of three levels of aviation expertise depending on which FAA pilot proficiency ratings had been previously attained: 1) least expertise: VFR (rated for flying under visual flight rules only) 2) moderate expertise: IFR (also rated for instrument flight) and 3) most expertise: CFII, ATP, or both CFII and ATP (certified flight instructor of IFR students or rated for flying air-transport planes). Thus, we selected a group of pilots whose aviation activity did not necessarily change at age 60. Retired pilots from major air carriers were excluded because decline in flight simulator performance could be explained by less opportunity to fly after retirement. This range of total flight hours was designed to avoid strong collinearity between age and hours of aviation experience older airline pilots, for example, typically have over 20,000 hours of total flight time. Main inclusion criteria were age 40 to 69 years at study entry, current FAA medical certificate (Class III or higher), and current flying activity with 300 to 15,000 hours of total flight time. Participants were part of the ongoing longitudinal Stanford/VA Aviation Study approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board. 11, 12 Using data from the ongoing Stanford/VA longitudinal study of aviators aged 40 to 69 years at study entry, we investigated the influences of age and expertise on flight simulator performance over a 3-year period. Longitudinal studies are essential toward understanding the aging process and its interplay with putative protective factors such as expertise. 3 – 8 Thus, expertise may moderate (reduce) the impact of age on occupationally relevant performance.įlight simulator assessments provide objective, reliable performance measures that are sensitive to differences in age 9 and level of aviation expertise, 10 but all of the flight simulator and expertise research to date has been cross-sectional. Cross-sectional studies of expert performers, including medical technologists, typists, and musicians, have found that expert knowledge may compensate for age-related declines in basic cognitive and sensory-motor abilities in some skill domains. 2 Simulations of occupationally relevant or hazardous activities such as driving are desirable complements to medical and neuropsychological assessments because simulations permit individuals to draw upon prior knowledge and procedural memory relevant to a skill domain. 1 It has been argued that age-based retirement rules are discriminatory and should be replaced with more direct methods of risk assessment. In aviation, for example, an aging workforce coincident with the introduction of jet aircraft appears to have played a role in the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) decision for mandatory retirement of airline pilots at age 60. Tel: 75 Fax: 75.As the workforce ages in an era of accelerating technological advances, it becomes imperative to understand how aging affects performance in the workplace. It is also recommended for pumps handling high water vapor loads and for laboratory applications where acids may be present.īusch, LLC., 516 Viking Drive, Va Beach, VA 23452. oil and is recommended as a replacement for standard mineral oils for all pumps running under high ambient temperature conditions. Busch R-570 and R 580 are best for operation in low ambient conditions, high temperature applications, for pumps handling high vapor loads, for laboratory applications where acids may be present and applications with halogenating agents.īusch R-590 oil is equal in viscosity to a 30 wt. oil and is recommended for all other Busch R5 pumps. Busch R-570 oil is equal in viscosity to a 30 wt. It is recommended for use as a flushing agent when changing from a hydrocarbon based oil to a synthetic oil, and in any application which promotes depositions in the pump between oil changes as a cleaning flushing agent.īusch R-580 is equal in viscosity to a 15 wt. oil and is recommended for use in most Busch once-through-sealing vacuum pumps.īusch R-568 flushing oil is a synthetic fluid formulated to dissolve varnish and soluble sludge from vacuum pumps while they are in operation. R-540 oil is equivalent in viscosity to an SAE 40 wt. oil and is recommended for use in most Busch R5 vacuum pumps. R-530 oil is equivalent in viscosity to an SAE 30 wt.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |